1. False observations of spawning events involving a single male with multiple females

2. No empirical evidence of single male – multiple female spawning in P. areolatus, groupers, or any other coral reef fish

3. No theoretical support for single male – multiple female spawning in broadcast spawning fishes

4. Insufficient evidence that observations were made during the actual spawning period

5. No evidence of “inverse size-assortment” due to invalid methods used to estimate courtship rates